Cardioid:
A cardioid microphone has more sensitivity at the front than the back. Therefore, unwanted ambient sound is not taken in and it is a lot more resistant in comparison to omnidirectional microphones.
Supercardioid:
In comparison to a cardioid microphone, this gives more rejection to ambient sound and provides a narrower pickup. They have some "Pickup directly at the rear"1. and are "the most resistant to feedback".1.
Omnidirectional
An omnidirectional microphone picks ups sound from all angles/directions. It therefore doesn't have to be aimed in a particular direction. However, because of this, feedback may be caused by sources, for example, PA speakers.
Bidirectional (Figure of Eight)
This picks up the sound from a 90 degree angle - therefore only from the front and back, missing out the sides. They are typically Ribbon or Large Diaphragm microphones.
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Source:
1. http://www.shure.co.uk/support_download/educational_content/microphones-basics/microphone_polar_patterns
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